Greenhalgh Diffusion of Innovations in Service Organizations
D and/or I:
The focus on dissemination and/or implementation activities. D-only focuses on an active approach of spreading evidence-based interventions to target audience via determined channels using planned strategies. D=I, D>I, and I>D means there is some focus on both dissemination and implementation. I-only focuses on process of putting to use or integrating evidence-based interventions within a setting.
D=I 
The focus on dissemination and/or implementation activities. D-only focuses on an active approach of spreading evidence-based interventions to target audience via determined channels using planned strategies. D=I, D>I, and I>D means there is some focus on both dissemination and implementation. I-only focuses on process of putting to use or integrating evidence-based interventions within a setting.
Socio-Ecological Levels:
The level of the framework at which the model operates. Individual includes personal characteristics; Organization includes hospitals, service organizations, and factories; Community includes local government and neighborhoods; System includes hospital systems and government; Policy includes changes in policy.
The level of the framework at which the model operates. Individual includes personal characteristics; Organization includes hospitals, service organizations, and factories; Community includes local government and neighborhoods; System includes hospital systems and government; Policy includes changes in policy.
- Individual
- Organization
- Community
- System
Number of Times Cited:
The # of times the original publication for the model was cited as indicated by Google Scholar since 2016.
2340
The # of times the original publication for the model was cited as indicated by Google Scholar since 2016.
Field of Origin:
The field of study in which the model originated.
Health Services Research
The field of study in which the model originated.
Practitioner/Researcher:
Whether the model is for the use of practitioners and/or researchers.
Researcher
Whether the model is for the use of practitioners and/or researchers.
Rating:
These are ratings given by users of the site.
These are ratings given by users of the site.
Constructs:
Name of the construct developed by classifying/aligning the elements abstracted from models.
Name of the construct developed by classifying/aligning the elements abstracted from models.
Assessment Instruments:
Name of the assessment developed by classifying/aligning the elements abstracted from models.
Name of the assessment developed by classifying/aligning the elements abstracted from models.
- AHRQ Digital Health Equity Framework
- Clinical Sustainability Assessment Tool (CSAT)
- Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) Interview Guide (Lam)
- Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) Interview Guide (Zhao)
- Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) Interview Guide Webtool
- Context Matters Reporting Template
- Diagnosis Related Group (DRG) Policy Survey
- Evidence Based Practice Attitude Scale (EBPAS)
- Glisson's Organizational Social Context (OSC)
- Goodman's Level of Institutionalization
- Hall's Levels of Use Scale
- Implementation Climate Scale (ICS)
- Implementation Leadership Scale (ILS)
- Implementation Strategy Usability Scale
- Intervention Scalability Assessment Tool (ISAT)
- Iterative, Practical, Robust Implementation and Sustainability Model (iPRISM) Webtool
- Local Wellness Policy Implementation Checklist
- Local Wellness Policy Survey
- Normalization Process Theory Interview Guide
- Normalization Process Theory Questionnaire (NoMAD)
- Organizational Readiness for Implementing Change (ORIC)
- Partnership/Synergy Assessment Tool
- Policy Coalition Evaluation Tool (PCET)
- Practical, Robust Implementation and Sustainability Model (PRISM) Contextual Survey Instrument (PCSI)
- Practical, Robust Implementation and Sustainability Model (PRISM) Interview Guide
- Program Sustainability Assessment Tool (PSAT)
- Rapid Assessment Procedure Informed Clinical Ethnography (RAPICE) Protocol, Activity, and Interview Prompt Guide
- Rapid Assessment Procedure Informed Clinical Ethnography (RAPICE) Summary Template
- Readiness Thinking Tool - Observation Guide
- Readiness Thinking Tool - Survey
- Readiness for Recovery and Resiliency - Interview Guide
- Rehabilitation Policy Questionnaire
- Research Engagement Survey Tool (REST)
- Research Engagement Survey Tool (REST) - 9 item
- Short Program Sustainability Assessment Tool (PSAT)
- Stages of Implementation Completion (SIC)
- Van Schaik's Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)
- integrated-Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (i-PARIHS) Interview Guide
Citations:
The original publication(s) of the model.
Greenhalgh T, Robert G, Macfarlane F, Bate P, Kyriakidou O. Diffusion of Innovations in Service Organizations: Systematic Review and Recommendations. Milbank Q. 2004 Dec; 82(4): 581–629.
The original publication(s) of the model.
Examples:
Citations of studies that have used the model as an outline for their study.
Byambaa, T., Janes, C., Takaro, T. et al. Putting Health Impact Assessment into practice through the lenses of diffusion of innovations theory: a review. Environ Dev Sustain 17, 23-40 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-014-9538-5
Citations of studies that have used the model as an outline for their study.
George S, Hamilton A, Baker RS. How Do Low-Income Urban African Americans and Latinos Feel about Telemedicine? A Diffusion of Innovation Analysis. Int J Telemed Appl. 2012;2012:715194. doi: 10.1155/2012/715194.
Greenhalgh T, Stramer K, Bratan T, Byrne E, Mohammad Y, Russell J. Introduction of shared electronic records: multi-site case study using diffusion of innovation theory. BMJ. 2008 Oct 23;337:a1786. doi: 10.1136/bmj.a1786.
Macfarlane F, Greenhalgh T, Humphrey C, Hughes J, Butler C, Pawson R. A new workforce in the making? A case study of strategic human resource management in a whole-system change effort in healthcare. J Health Organ Manag. 2011;25(1):55-72. doi: 10.1108/14777261111116824.
Paina L, Namazzi G, Tetui M, Mayora C, Kananura RM, Kiwanuka SN, Waiswa P, Mutebi A, Ekirapa-Kiracho E. Applying the model of diffusion of innovations to understand facilitators for the implementation of maternal and neonatal health programmes in rural Uganda. Global Health. 2019 Jun 13;15(1):38. doi: 10.1186/s12992-019-0483-9
Sugarhood P, Wherton J, Procter R, Hinder S, Greenhalgh T. Technology as system innovation: a key informant interview study of the application of the diffusion of innovation model to telecare. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2014 Jan;9(1):79-87. doi: 10.3109/17483107.2013.823573.
Valaitis R, MacDonald M, Kothari A, O’Mara L, Regan S, Garcia J, Murray N, Manson H, Peroff-Johnston N, Bursey G, Boyko J. Moving towards a new vision: implementation of a public health policy intervention. BMC Public Health. 2016 May 17;16:412. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3056-3.
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